FDA Tells Drugmakers: Animal Data Isn't Enough Anymore

Alternatives to Animal Testing Are Finally Taking Off

Harvard's Donald Ingber built a breathing lung-on-a-chip in 2010, but Science's editors still demanded mouse data before publishing. Seventeen years later, a pharma company was denied an FDA trial because it offered only animal results. Regulators in the U.S., Europe, and the U.K. are now pushing organ chips and computer models toward the default, and the hard part has shifted from the science to validation, standardization, and culture change.