TigerBeetle's protocol-aware simulator tests distributed invariants inside out

Protocol-Aware Deterministic Simulation Testing

TigerBeetle's deterministic simulator is protocol-aware, enabling deep testing of safety and liveness invariants at the consensus and storage levels, not just the database API. This goes beyond black-box methods like Jepsen and Antithesis, leveraging TigerBeetle's logical and physical determinism to run the real code in a simulated environment. The VOPR simulator can check that every committed request is consistent across replicas, that storage is byte-for-byte identical, and that replicas efficiently convert durability into availability, catching subtle bugs that would take months to surface in production.