Reducing U.S. Critical Mineral Reliance Through Substitution and Recycling

Critical Minerals: Reducing U.S. Import Reliance with Substitution and Recycling

I examined how substitution and recycling technologies can reduce U.S. reliance on imported critical minerals for batteries and semiconductors. While battery recycling offers near-term solutions within two to three years, semiconductor alternatives face significant maturity challenges. I identified four policy options, including building domestic manufacturing and recycling capacity, to address these supply chain vulnerabilities and support long-term economic security.